Russian Instrumental Case — Means & Accompaniment

The instrumental case (твори́тельный паде́ж) answers "by what means?" or "with whom?": Я пишу́ ру́чкой ("I write with a pen"), Я гуля́ю с дру́гом ("I'm walking with a friend"). It is also used after the verb "to be" in past and future tenses to mark a profession or state: Он был учи́телем ("He was a teacher").

Other common uses: with the prepositions с (with), за (behind), пе́ред (in front of), над (above), под (under), и́ме́жду (between); with the seasons of the year used adverbially (зимо́й "in winter", ле́том "in summer"). Endings: masculine/neuter -ом / -ем, feminine -ой / -ей, plural -ами / -ями.

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